Recent developments in medical and dental field have shown that magnification and microsurgery can greatly improve clinical practice. The main aim of surgical intervention is not only the survival of the patient or one of his organs but also the effort to preserve a maximum amount of function and to improve patient comfort. These demands are mostly met owing to a minimally invasive surgical approach. The improved visual acuity provided by magnification opens a whole new world for those who make effort and take time to become proficient in microsurgical principles and procedures. The promising periodontal microsurgery will provide new possibilities to improve the therapeutic results for variety of periodontal surgeries. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of periodontal microsurgery, role of magnification systems, and advantages of microsurgery over conventional surgery.

Tissue engineering is the science of design and manufacture of new tissues to replace impaired or damaged ones. The key ingredients for tissue engineering are stem cells, the morphogens, or growth factors that regulate their differentiation, and a scaffold of extracellular matrix that constitutes the microenvironment for their growth. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in applying the concept of tissue engineering to endodontics.

Osseointegration, i.e., structural and functional union of the surface of dental implant with surrounding bone is paramount for the success of device. In recent years, osteogenesis at the bone-implant interface has been induced by structural modifications of the implant surface, particularly at the nanoscale level. This has been achieved through modulation of osteoblast adhesion. There is strong belief that nanoscale features in materials processing is truly a new frontier. This paper reviews recent advances in fabrication of novel coatings and nanopatterning of dental implants and their subsequent cellular interactions, leading to an improvement in osseointegration and hence the long-term clinical success of the "third dentition" i.e., dental implants.

In dentistry, ceramics are often referred to as nonmetallic, inorganic structures primarily containing compounds of oxygen with one or more metallic or semimetallic elements. They are composed of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, zirconium, and titanium. Structurally, dental ceramics contain a crystal phase and a glass phase based on the silica structure, characterized by silica tetrahedra, containing central Si4+ ion with four O− ions. Biocompatibility, esthetics, durability, and easier customization properties have led to the increased usage of ceramics. The specialty of ceramic teeth is its ability to mimic the natural tooth in color and translucency along with its strength. Ceramics have excellent intraoral stability and wear resistance adding to their durability. Basically, the inorganic composition of teeth and bones are ceramics which is hydroxyapatite. Over the past few years, the technological evolution of ceramics for dental applications has been incredible, as new materials and processing techniques are being introduced. The improvement in strength, as well as toughness, has made it possible to expand the range of indications to long-span fixed partial prostheses, implant abutments, and implants. While porcelain-based materials are still a major component in dental science, there have been moves to replace metal ceramics systems with all-ceramic systems. Numerous all-ceramics are being developed which is highly esthetic, biocompatible to tissue, and long-lasting in nature. Advances in computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technologies have led to immense popularity of high-strength ceramic materials. These materials are highly esthetic, biocompatible to tissue, and long-lasting in nature. In this review, we will discuss all-ceramic materials which are used in dentistry.

Objective: The objective is to analyze most popularized xylocaine and to compare the adequacy of analgesia achieved and the effects of xylocaine hydrochloride 2% without adrenaline and xylocaine hydrochloride 2% with adrenaline (1:200,000), used as local anesthetics in dentistry for extraction of tooth. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty patients of varying age and sex, requiring at least extraction of two teeth, were picked from the outpatient department of oral and maxillofacial surgery. In each patient, two teeth were extracted under local anesthesia, one under xylocaine plain and other under xylocaine with adrenaline. Time of onset, depth, and duration of analgesia were recorded. Conclusion: Lidocaine with epinephrine (1:200,000) local anesthesia efficacy in dental extractions is more effective than lidocaine without adrenaline in extraction of tooth, and the onset, duration, and depth of analgesia of xylocaine hydrochloride with adrenaline were good as compared to plain xylocaine (xylocaine without adrenaline). Thus, lignocaine as a local anesthetic may be an effective drug in dental extractions with the higher safety margin.

Introduction: Occlusal plane is the average plane established by incisal and occlusal surfaces of teeth. Various anatomic landmarks are used to determine this missing component of occlusion which is lost with the loss of teeth. However, variation has been observed in the orientation of occlusal plane determined clinically with different anatomical landmarks as references. Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the relation of intraoral anatomic soft tissue landmarks, namely, retromolar pad and parotid papilla with occlusal plane in natural dentition. Materials and Methods: Irreversible hydrocolloid impressions of 100 edentulous individuals (50 males and 50 females) were made to get the models. A 16 gauge wire was extended from mandibular occlusion plane posteriorly up to retromolar pad to establish their relationship. Furthermore, vertical distance of apex of parotid papilla to maxillary molar cusp tip it opposed (distobuccal cusp of maxillary first molar or mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary second molar), and mandibular molar cusp tip (to which parotid papilla apposed) was measured when the teeth were in maximal intercuspal position. Results: This study determined that the natural occlusal plane is oriented posteriorly at the level corresponding with the lower third of retromolar pad. Mean distance of parotid papilla above the corresponding maxillary cusp tip (while in occlusion) was 5.048 mm, and mean distance of Parotid papilla above the corresponding mandibular molar cusp tip (while in occlusion) was determined to be 3.602 mm. The difference in observed means between males and females or between right and left side was not statistically significant.

Aim: Knowledge and oral health behavior of dental students and professionals play an important role in oral health education of patients and community at large. It is therefore important that their own oral health behavior conforms to expectations of the population. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the oral health knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAPs) among dental students and dental professionals. Materials and Methods: In the present study, KAPs of 560 dental students and professionals (postgraduate [PG] students and dental faculty) was explored. The participants were divided into three groups based on their level of education. Group 1 included undergraduate students and interns, Group 2 included PG students, and Group 3 included teaching faculty. Group 1 was further divided into UG1 (BDS 1 ^st year), UG2 (BDS 2 ^nd year), UG3 (BDS 3 ^rd year), UG4 (BDS 4 ^th year), and UG5 (Interns). A number of participants in each group were 80. Statistical Analysis: Kruskal-Wallis test was used for intergroup comparison and Mann-Whitney test was used for intragroup comparison. Result: Results showed that as the education level increased from junior students to senior students to teaching faculty, the mean score of positive responses increased in all the components (KAP), and the values are statistically significant (P < 0.005) and this increase in the KAP was not up to the expected level. Conclusion: The finding of the present study indicated the poor oral health behaviors (KAP) among dental students and dental professionals, which should be improved in order to serve as a positive model for their patients, family, and friends.

Context: Tooth retained overdenture helps to reduce the impact of some of the complete denture wearing consequences: Residual ridge resorption, loss of occlusal stability, undermined esthetic appearance, and compromised masticatory function. Aims: This in vitro study compared the retention of three prefabricated overdenture posts cemented with self-adhesive resin cement. Subjects and Methods: Thirty freshly extracted noncarious, healthy mandibular canines were sectioned 1 mm above cementoenamel junction and endodontically treated. The teeth were divided in three groups and prepared for overdenture posts: Group 1: Access post overdenture (EDS, USA), Group 2: Flexi overdenture post (EDS, USA), and Group 3: Ceka Preci-Clix overdenture (Ceka Preci-line, Germany). Posts were cemented with self-adhesive resin cement (Relyx U 100, Germany). Each tooth was positioned identically in the universal testing machine (Instron), and the amount of force necessary to remove a post from the tooth was recorded. Statistical Analysis Used: The results obtained were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and the comparisons of groups were performed using post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference test. Results: Ceka Preci-Clix overdenture post has maximum mean retention value of 171.57N and access post overdenture has minimum retention value of 98.75N. Conclusions: Ceka Preci-Clix overdenture post was more retentive (171.57) due to its parallel sided design than the other posts used in this study. Flexi overdenture post, due to its split shank threaded design, was the 2 ^nd most retentive post (128.88) after Ceka Preci-Clix overdenture post and access post overdenture were least retentive post (98.75) due to its thick-walled hollow design.

Overdentures is a preferred treatment option in patients who have to go for extraction of the remaining teeth for fabrication of complete dentures. The teeth which are preserved, play a vital role by improvement of crown root ratio, provide proprioception, decrease the rate of resorption, and improve support to the denture. Rehabilitation using overdentures is a widely accepted preventive approach due to its ease of fabrication and the successful prognosis. An over denture is a preventive prosthodontic concept with a multidisciplinary approach involving periodontic, endodontic, and prosthodontic intervention. An overdenture improves retention, stability, maintains proprioception, prevents residual ridge resorption, and improves patient satisfaction. This is a case report of a patient with few remaining teeth, successfully treated with Preci-Sagix (Ceka attachments Preci-line, Belgium) overdenture attachments.

Successful prosthetic rehabilitation of an ocular defect can be achieved by recording the remaining orbital anatomic structure using a functional impression technique. This clinical report discusses the ocular impression making procedure in a subject with a history of failed ocular implant in eviscerated eye. The problem encountered while making a static ocular impression is a nonfunctional recording of associated musculature, making ocular prosthesis unstable. This case report presents an accurate impression making of the anophthalmic socket using a functional impression technique.

Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) or anomalad is one of the most readily recognized presentation, and results of the first brachial arch malformation. PRS presents a classic triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and cleft palate. Infants with PRS can present with varied problems, some of them emergencies. However, in infants with a complete cleft palate, most commonly encountered problems are with feeding. This article describes the clinical and laboratory procedures for construction of a feeding plate in a neonate with PRS due to the presence of a cleft palate.

Trauma may lead to fractured teeth with exposed canals in growing children. Some people have a habit of placing foreign objects to remove food plugs from the teeth. These foreign objects may act as a potential source of infection and may later lead to a painful condition. The presence of foreign object in the root canal is one of the challenging occurrences in endodontic therapy. The chance of these foreign objects getting impacted into the tooth is more when pulp chamber is open either because of traumatic injury or large carious exposure. A detailed case history, clinical, and radiographic examinations are required to ascertain the size, position, and likely composition of the object, and also the difficulty involved in its retrieval. This case report describes a self-introduced unusual foreign body and its retrieval from the root canal of upper central incisor by simple orthograde nonsurgical technique.