Numeric disturbances in the human dentition are quite a common occurrence in the general population. When less than the normal complement of teeth develops, it is termed as hypodontia, whereas hyperdontia is a condition with an excess number of teeth developing. Therefore, though both conditions manifest as changes in the number of teeth, they represent the opposite ends of the spectrum in the development of the dentition. The literature contains numerous reports of the exclusive occurrence of these anomalies; however coexistent oligodontia, hypodontia, and supernumerary teeth or hyperdontia is a rare manifestation of the human dentition.

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The authors analyzed the clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings of a slowly growing palatal gland tumor in a 34-year-old female. The cut surface of the excised mass showed multilocular cystic spaces with grayish brown solid areas. Histological findings demonstrated a benign tumor with multicystic spaces and focal solid epithelial cells lined by benign squamous epithelial cells. The overlying epithelium was parakeratinized and without a granular layer. The cystic spaces were filled with keratin material. On immunohistochemistry examination, the tumor cells were found positive for HMWCK, focally for CK7, CK19 and p63 and Mib-1 labeling was approximately 1%. There was no evidence of recurrence after 8 months of resection. The data from this case and previously published studies suggest that keratocystoma of both major and minor salivary glands is a benign neoplasm and that surgical resection is apparently a sufficient treatment modality.

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In certain clinical scenarios, using an intact natural tooth which is in good clinical condition as pontic for interim duration could offer benefits such as excellent color, shape, and size match, positive psychological value, minimal cost, and minimum chairside time with no laboratory procedure involved. Natural tooth pontic suitably modified and bonded to adjacent teeth enables proper healing in the area without compromising the anterior esthetic demands of the patient. In the present study, a clinical technique for immediate interim tooth replacement is being presented, utilizing the clinical crown to assist the clinician in providing an esthetically acceptable treatment option.

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Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) combined with a porous hydroxyapatite bone graft to porous hydroxyapatite bone graft alone in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects clinically and radiographically using Dentascan. Materials and Methods: In a split-mouth study design, 10 patients suffering from generalized chronic periodontitis, having two almost identical intrabony defects with probing pocket depth of at least 5 mm were selected for the study and randomly divided into two groups. In Group I periodontal flap surgery followed by placement of porous hydroxyapatite bone graft was done and in Group II, periodontal flap surgery followed by placement of a homogenous mixture of PRF and porous hydroxyapatite bone graft was done. All the clinical parameters were recorded at baseline, 3 and 6 months postoperatively and radiographic parameters were recorded at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. Results: There was statistically significant reduction in probing pocket depth and gain in clinical attachment level in both groups. On comparison Group II showed statistically significant more probing pocket depth reduction than Group I at all-time intervals. There was statistically significant mean defect fill and mean defect resolution observed in both groups at all-time intervals. However, the intergroup comparison was statistically nonsignificant. Conclusion : Within limits of the study it may be concluded that a combination of PRF with porous hydroxyapatite bone graft demonstrated better results as compared to porous hydroxyapatite bone graft alone in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects. Spiral multislice computed tomography equipped Dentascan provides three-dimensional images of excellent quality for evaluating the morphology of the periodontal bone defects. Its use in ascertaining the various defect parameters in the periodontal treatment of intrabony defects is promising.

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Objective: The objective is to analyze most popularized xylocaine and to compare the adequacy of analgesia achieved and the effects of xylocaine hydrochloride 2% without adrenaline and xylocaine hydrochloride 2% with adrenaline (1:200,000), used as local anesthetics in dentistry for extraction of tooth. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty patients of varying age and sex, requiring at least extraction of two teeth, were picked from the outpatient department of oral and maxillofacial surgery. In each patient, two teeth were extracted under local anesthesia, one under xylocaine plain and other under xylocaine with adrenaline. Time of onset, depth, and duration of analgesia were recorded. Conclusion: Lidocaine with epinephrine (1:200,000) local anesthesia efficacy in dental extractions is more effective than lidocaine without adrenaline in extraction of tooth, and the onset, duration, and depth of analgesia of xylocaine hydrochloride with adrenaline were good as compared to plain xylocaine (xylocaine without adrenaline). Thus, lignocaine as a local anesthetic may be an effective drug in dental extractions with the higher safety margin.

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In dentistry, ceramics are often referred to as nonmetallic, inorganic structures primarily containing compounds of oxygen with one or more metallic or semimetallic elements. They are composed of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, zirconium, and titanium. Structurally, dental ceramics contain a crystal phase and a glass phase based on the silica structure, characterized by silica tetrahedra, containing central Si4+ ion with four O− ions. Biocompatibility, esthetics, durability, and easier customization properties have led to the increased usage of ceramics. The specialty of ceramic teeth is its ability to mimic the natural tooth in color and translucency along with its strength. Ceramics have excellent intraoral stability and wear resistance adding to their durability. Basically, the inorganic composition of teeth and bones are ceramics which is hydroxyapatite. Over the past few years, the technological evolution of ceramics for dental applications has been incredible, as new materials and processing techniques are being introduced. The improvement in strength, as well as toughness, has made it possible to expand the range of indications to long-span fixed partial prostheses, implant abutments, and implants. While porcelain-based materials are still a major component in dental science, there have been moves to replace metal ceramics systems with all-ceramic systems. Numerous all-ceramics are being developed which is highly esthetic, biocompatible to tissue, and long-lasting in nature. Advances in computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technologies have led to immense popularity of high-strength ceramic materials. These materials are highly esthetic, biocompatible to tissue, and long-lasting in nature. In this review, we will discuss all-ceramic materials which are used in dentistry.

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